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            <h1 id="Linux踢出用户"><a href="#Linux踢出用户" class="headerlink" title="Linux踢出用户"></a>Linux踢出用户</h1><h2 id="查看当前登录用户"><a href="#查看当前登录用户" class="headerlink" title="查看当前登录用户"></a>查看当前登录用户</h2><figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">$ whatis w  </span><br><span class="line">w                    (1)  - Show who is logged on and what they are doing  </span><br><span class="line">$ w  </span><br><span class="line">09:49:30 up 1 day, 17:19,  4 users,  load average: 0.00, 0.00, 0.00  </span><br><span class="line">USER     TTY      FROM              LOGIN@   IDLE   JCPU   PCPU WHAT  </span><br><span class="line">root     tty3     -                09:25   23:25   0.10s  0.08s -bash  </span><br><span class="line">root     pts/0    192.168.105.188  09:32    9:38   0.02s  0.02s -bash  </span><br><span class="line">root     pts/1    192.168.105.188  09:36    9:32   0.03s  0.02s -bash  </span><br><span class="line">wilsh    pts/2    192.168.105.188  09:41    0.00s  0.00s  0.00s w</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h2 id="pkill-踢出用户"><a href="#pkill-踢出用户" class="headerlink" title="pkill 踢出用户"></a>pkill 踢出用户</h2><figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">$ whatis pkill  </span><br><span class="line">pkill [pgrep]        (1)  - look up or signal processes based on name and other attributes</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">pkill -kill -t pts/2</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">pkill -9 -u wilsh</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h2 id="fuser-踢出用户"><a href="#fuser-踢出用户" class="headerlink" title="fuser 踢出用户"></a>fuser 踢出用户</h2><figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">$ whatis fuser        </span><br><span class="line">fuser (1)            - identify processes using files or sockets</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">fuser -k /dev/pts/2</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

          
        
      
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            <p>查看linux是32位还是64位方法</p>
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">&gt;  ~ getconf LONG_BIT                </span><br><span class="line">64</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">$ file $(where file)</span><br><span class="line">/usr/bin/file: ELF 32-bit LSB executable, Intel 80386, version 1 (SYSV), dynamically linked, interpreter /lib/ld-linux.so.2, for GNU/Linux 2.6.32, BuildID[sha1]=a25ff8d819e9d276b6c282d51a572ad74078da3d, stripped</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">$ uname -a</span><br><span class="line">Linux ubuntu-xenial 4.4.0-112-generic #135-Ubuntu SMP Fri Jan 19 11:48:14 UTC 2018 i686 i686 i686 GNU/Linux</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<ul>
<li>ixxx的是32位的</li>
<li>x86_64的是64位</li>
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            <h1 id="VS2017编译putty"><a href="#VS2017编译putty" class="headerlink" title="VS2017编译putty"></a>VS2017编译putty</h1><h2 id="下载putty"><a href="#下载putty" class="headerlink" title="下载putty"></a>下载putty</h2><p>从<a href="https://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/putty/latest.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">putty</a>中选择”Unix source archive”下载</p>
<h2 id="加载工程"><a href="#加载工程" class="headerlink" title="加载工程"></a>加载工程</h2><p>源码下载后, 解压, 双击”windows\MSVC\putty\putty.dsp”, VS2017加载工程</p>
<h2 id="修改工程属性"><a href="#修改工程属性" class="headerlink" title="修改工程属性"></a>修改工程属性</h2><p>按如下设置VS2017工程属性.<br>此设置是为了解决问题: 错误 D8016 “/ZI”和“/Gy-”命令行选项不兼容</p>
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">“项目”—&gt;“属性”—&gt;“C/C++”—&gt;“常规”—&gt;“调试信息格式”—&gt;选择“程序数据库(/Zi)”或“无”</span><br><span class="line">“项目”—&gt;“属性”—&gt;“C/C++”—&gt;“代码生成”—&gt;“启用函数集链接”—&gt;选择“是 (/Gy)”</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h2 id="修改代码"><a href="#修改代码" class="headerlink" title="修改代码"></a>修改代码</h2><p>1) 修改windows\version.rc2<br>修改前后分别如下, 解决version.rc2 cannot open include file ‘version.h’ 的问题</p>
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">#include &quot;version.h&quot;</span><br><span class="line">#include &quot;licence.h&quot;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">#include &quot;../../../version.h&quot;</span><br><span class="line">#include &quot;../../../licence.h&quot;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>2) 修改noshare.c<br>修改前后分别如下, 即注释platform_ssh_share和platform_ssh_share_cleanup的实现.<br>解决问题:<br>winshare.obj : error LNK2005: _platform_ssh_share 已经在 noshare.obj 中定义<br>winshare.obj : error LNK2005: _platform_ssh_share_cleanup 已经在 noshare.obj 中定义</p>
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">int platform_ssh_share(const char *name, Conf *conf,</span><br><span class="line">                       Plug downplug, Plug upplug, Socket *sock,</span><br><span class="line">                       char **logtext, char **ds_err, char **us_err,</span><br><span class="line">                       int can_upstream, int can_downstream)</span><br><span class="line">&#123;</span><br><span class="line">    return SHARE_NONE;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">void platform_ssh_share_cleanup(const char *name)</span><br><span class="line">&#123;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">/*</span><br><span class="line">int platform_ssh_share(const char *name, Conf *conf,</span><br><span class="line">                       Plug downplug, Plug upplug, Socket *sock,</span><br><span class="line">                       char **logtext, char **ds_err, char **us_err,</span><br><span class="line">                       int can_upstream, int can_downstream)</span><br><span class="line">&#123;</span><br><span class="line">    return SHARE_NONE;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">void platform_ssh_share_cleanup(const char *name)</span><br><span class="line">&#123;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line">*/</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h2 id="编译工程"><a href="#编译工程" class="headerlink" title="编译工程"></a>编译工程</h2><p>右键工程生成解决方案.</p>

          
        
      
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            <h1 id="准备工作"><a href="#准备工作" class="headerlink" title="准备工作"></a>准备工作</h1><p>1) 安装Git. 将本地的网页和文章等内容发布或提交到GitHub上需要用到Git.</p>
<p>2) 安装Node.js. Hexo是基于Node.js的高效静态站点生成框架.</p>
<p>3) 安装Hexo. 在Node.js安装完成后, 通过控制台执行以下命令即可.</p>
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">$ npm install hexo-cli -g</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h1 id="创建本地博客"><a href="#创建本地博客" class="headerlink" title="创建本地博客"></a>创建本地博客</h1><figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">$ hexo init leiz2192.github.io       //leiz2192.github.io是项目名</span><br><span class="line">$ cd leiz2192.github.io</span><br><span class="line">$ hexo new &quot;YourBlogTitle&quot;         //YourBlogTitle是博客名, 会生成YourBlogTitle.md</span><br><span class="line">### 撰写YourBlogTitle.md</span><br><span class="line">$ hexo g   //生成网页</span><br><span class="line">$ hexo s   //s是server的缩写，启动服务, 通过http://localhost:4000/本地访问</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h1 id="发布博客"><a href="#发布博客" class="headerlink" title="发布博客"></a>发布博客</h1><figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">npm install hexo-deployer-git —save //安装部署插件</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">hexo d -g  //生成网页并发布到GitHub</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
          
        
      
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            <h1 id="介绍"><a href="#介绍" class="headerlink" title="介绍"></a>介绍</h1><figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">deb 是 ubuntu 、debian 的格式。</span><br><span class="line">rpm 是 redhat 、fedora 、suse 的格式。</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h1 id="安装"><a href="#安装" class="headerlink" title="安装"></a>安装</h1><h2 id="安装deb文件"><a href="#安装deb文件" class="headerlink" title="安装deb文件"></a>安装deb文件</h2><figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">cd &lt;安装包所在目录&gt;</span><br><span class="line">dpkg -i &lt;安装包&gt;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h2 id="安装rpm文件"><a href="#安装rpm文件" class="headerlink" title="安装rpm文件"></a>安装rpm文件</h2><figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">cd &lt;安装包所在目录&gt;</span><br><span class="line">rpm -ivh &lt;安装包&gt;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

          
        
      
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             <figure class="highlight shell"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br><span class="line">31</span><br><span class="line">32</span><br><span class="line">33</span><br><span class="line">34</span><br><span class="line">35</span><br><span class="line">36</span><br><span class="line">37</span><br><span class="line">38</span><br><span class="line">39</span><br><span class="line">40</span><br><span class="line">41</span><br><span class="line">42</span><br><span class="line">43</span><br><span class="line">44</span><br><span class="line">45</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">set nocompatible " 关闭 vi 兼容模式</span><br><span class="line">syntax on " 自动语法高亮</span><br><span class="line">colorscheme desert " 设定配色方案</span><br><span class="line">set number " 显示行号</span><br><span class="line">set cursorline " 突出显示当前行</span><br><span class="line">set ruler " 打开状态栏标尺</span><br><span class="line">set shiftwidth=4 " 设定 &lt;&lt; 和 &gt;&gt; 命令移动时的宽度为 4</span><br><span class="line">set softtabstop=4 " 使得按退格键时可以一次删掉 4 个空格</span><br><span class="line">set tabstop=4 " 设定 tab 长度为 4</span><br><span class="line">set nobackup " 覆盖文件时不备份</span><br><span class="line">set autochdir " 自动切换当前目录为当前文件所在的目录</span><br><span class="line">filetype plugin indent on " 开启插件</span><br><span class="line">set backupcopy=yes " 设置备份时的行为为覆盖</span><br><span class="line">set ignorecase smartcase " 搜索时忽略大小写，但在有一个或以上大写字母时仍保持对大小写敏感</span><br><span class="line">set nowrapscan " 禁止在搜索到文件两端时重新搜索</span><br><span class="line">set incsearch " 输入搜索内容时就显示搜索结果</span><br><span class="line">set hlsearch " 搜索时高亮显示被找到的文本</span><br><span class="line">set noerrorbells " 关闭错误信息响铃</span><br><span class="line">set novisualbell " 关闭使用可视响铃代替呼叫</span><br><span class="line">set t_vb= " 置空错误铃声的终端代码</span><br><span class="line">" set showmatch " 插入括号时，短暂地跳转到匹配的对应括号</span><br><span class="line">" set matchtime=2 " 短暂跳转到匹配括号的时间</span><br><span class="line">set magic " 设置魔术</span><br><span class="line">set hidden " 允许在有未保存的修改时切换缓冲区，此时的修改由 vim 负责保存</span><br><span class="line">set guioptions-=T " 隐藏工具栏</span><br><span class="line">set guioptions-=m " 隐藏菜单栏</span><br><span class="line">set smartindent " 开启新行时使用智能自动缩进</span><br><span class="line">set backspace=indent,eol,start " 不设定在插入状态无法用退格键和 Delete 键删除回车符</span><br><span class="line">set cmdheight=1 " 设定命令行的行数为 1</span><br><span class="line">set laststatus=2 " 显示状态栏 (默认值为 1, 无法显示状态栏)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">" 设置在状态行显示的信息</span><br><span class="line">set statusline=\ %&lt;%F[%1*%M%*%n%R%H]%=\ %y\ %0(%&#123;&amp;fileformat&#125;\ %&#123;&amp;encoding&#125;\ %c:%l/%L%)\ </span><br><span class="line">set foldenable " 开始折叠</span><br><span class="line">set foldmethod=syntax " 设置语法折叠</span><br><span class="line">set foldcolumn=0 " 设置折叠区域的宽度</span><br><span class="line">setlocal foldlevel=1 " 设置折叠层数为</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">" 中文显示</span><br><span class="line">set fileencodings=utf-8,ucs-bom,gb18030,gbk,gb2312,cp936</span><br><span class="line">set termencoding=utf-8</span><br><span class="line">set encoding=utf-8</span><br><span class="line">set paste</span><br><span class="line">noremap &lt;Space&gt; *N</span><br><span class="line">noremap &lt;C-\&gt; :q!&lt;CR&gt;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>以上是收集整理个人使用的.vimrc文件配置.</p>

          
        
      
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            <h1 id="1-定义"><a href="#1-定义" class="headerlink" title="1. 定义"></a>1. 定义</h1><ul>
<li><code>Little-Endian</code>:<code>低位字节排放在内存的低地址端，高位字节排放在内存的高地址端</code>。(逻辑上的低低高高)</li>
<li><code>Big-Endian</code>:<code>高位字节排放在内存的低地址端，低位字节排放在内存的高地址端</code>。(像数据流一样填充)</li>
<li>网络字节序：<em>TCP/IP各层协议将字节序定义为<code>Big-Endian</code></em>，因此TCP/IP协议中使用的字节序通常称之为网络字节序。</li>
</ul>
<h1 id="2-常见的CPU架构的字节序"><a href="#2-常见的CPU架构的字节序" class="headerlink" title="2. 常见的CPU架构的字节序"></a>2. 常见的CPU架构的字节序</h1><ul>
<li>Big Endian : PowerPC、IBM、Sun</li>
<li>Little Endian : x86、DEC</li>
<li>ARM : 大小端可选</li>
</ul>
<h1 id="3-判断方法"><a href="#3-判断方法" class="headerlink" title="3. 判断方法"></a>3. 判断方法</h1><p>大小端问题主要涉及的是<strong>非单字节非字符串外的其余数据</strong>的表示和传递，如short型、int型等。判断主机大小端的方法有很多，常见的是联合体判断法。</p>
<figure class="highlight c"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">bool</span> <span class="title">isBigEndian</span><span class="params">()</span>  </span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"></span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">union</span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">int</span> a;  </span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">char</span> b;  </span><br><span class="line">    &#125; num;  </span><br><span class="line">    num.a = <span class="number">0x1234</span>;  </span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">return</span> ( num.b == <span class="number">0x12</span> )   </span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h1 id="4-转换方法"><a href="#4-转换方法" class="headerlink" title="4. 转换方法"></a>4. 转换方法</h1><p>出于效率考虑，大小端的处理在客户端。在客户端socket过来时把服务器主机的大小端通知给客户端，这样服务器就不需要改动，直接传递数据就行，这时候可以在客户端代码中封装几个宏，在客户端在收到数据后，根据那些宏来判断是否转换以及得出转换后的数值。<br>大小端转换最有效也是最常见的方法就是移位法。</p>
<figure class="highlight c"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="meta-keyword">define</span> __SWP16(A)   (( ((uint16)(A) &amp; 0xff00) &gt;&gt; 8)    | \  </span></span><br><span class="line">(( (uint16)(A) &amp; <span class="number">0x00ff</span>) &lt;&lt; <span class="number">8</span>)) <span class="meta">#<span class="meta-keyword">define</span> __SWP32(A) ((( (uint32)(A) &amp; 0xff000000)&gt;&gt; 24) | \</span></span><br><span class="line">(( (uint32)(A) &amp; <span class="number">0x00ff0000</span>) &gt;&gt; <span class="number">8</span>)   | \  </span><br><span class="line">(( (uint32)(A) &amp; <span class="number">0x0000ff00</span>) &lt;&lt; <span class="number">8</span>)   | \  </span><br><span class="line">(( (uint32)(A) &amp; <span class="number">0x000000ff</span>) &lt;&lt; <span class="number">24</span>))</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h1 id="5-为什么主机的字节序不统一"><a href="#5-为什么主机的字节序不统一" class="headerlink" title="5. 为什么主机的字节序不统一"></a>5. 为什么主机的字节序不统一</h1><p>这是因为 各个CPU厂商出于不同的逻辑考量，换句话说 大端和小端有其各自的优势。<br>我们知道计算机正常的内存增长方式是从低到高(当然栈不是)，取数据方式是从基址根据偏移找到他们的位置，从他们的存储方式可以看出，大端存储因为第一个字节就是高位，从而很容易知道它是正数还是负数，对于一些数值判断会很迅速。<br>而小端存储 第一个字节是它的低位，符号位在最后一个字节，这样在做数值四则运算时从低位每次取出相应字节运算，最后直到高位，并且最终把符号位刷新，这样的运算方式会更高效，也更符合我们手算的方式。</p>

          
        
      
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            <h1 id="Linux-查看进程和端口"><a href="#Linux-查看进程和端口" class="headerlink" title="Linux 查看进程和端口"></a>Linux 查看进程和端口</h1><h2 id="查看进程占用的端口号"><a href="#查看进程占用的端口号" class="headerlink" title="查看进程占用的端口号"></a>查看进程占用的端口号</h2><figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"># netstat -atunp | more</span><br><span class="line">Active Internet connections (servers and established)</span><br><span class="line">Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address           Foreign Address         State       PID/Program name</span><br><span class="line">tcp        0      0 127.0.0.1:631           0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN      1363/cupsd      </span><br><span class="line">tcp        0      0 192.168.189.128:58887   91.189.88.45:80         ESTABLISHED 2121/http       </span><br><span class="line">tcp6       0      0 ::1:631                 :::*                    LISTEN      1363/cupsd      </span><br><span class="line">udp        0      0 0.0.0.0:68              0.0.0.0:*                           803/dhclient</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h2 id="根据端口号查进程"><a href="#根据端口号查进程" class="headerlink" title="根据端口号查进程"></a>根据端口号查进程</h2><figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"># lsof -i:631</span><br><span class="line">COMMAND  PID USER   FD   TYPE DEVICE SIZE/OFF NODE NAME</span><br><span class="line">cupsd   1363 root    5u  IPv6   6338      0t0  TCP localhost:ipp (LISTEN)</span><br><span class="line">cupsd   1363 root    6u  IPv4   6339      0t0  TCP localhost:ipp (LISTEN)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

          
        
      
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                <a class="post-title-link" href="/2018/04/13/C++命令行参数解析/" itemprop="url">C++命令行参数解析</a></h1>
        

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            <h1 id="1-Linux"><a href="#1-Linux" class="headerlink" title="1 Linux"></a>1 Linux</h1><p>在Linux环境可以使用getopt解析命令行参数.</p>
<h2 id="1-1-main"><a href="#1-1-main" class="headerlink" title="1.1 main"></a>1.1 main</h2><p>main()函数声明:</p>
<figure class="highlight c++"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="title">main</span><span class="params">(<span class="keyword">int</span> argc, <span class="keyword">char</span> *argv[])</span></span>;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>从命令行传递给程序main()函数的包含两个部分的内容, argc 参数包含参数的计数值，而 argv 包含指向这些参数的指针数组.</p>
<h2 id="1-2-getopt"><a href="#1-2-getopt" class="headerlink" title="1.2 getopt"></a>1.2 getopt</h2><p>函数getopt位于unistd.h系统头文件中. Windows 没有这个头文件, 所有建议在Linux中使用.</p>
<p>getopt原型</p>
<figure class="highlight c++"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="title">getopt</span><span class="params">( <span class="keyword">int</span> argc, <span class="keyword">char</span> *<span class="keyword">const</span> argv[], <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="keyword">char</span> *optstring )</span></span>;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>给定了命令参数的数量 (argc)、指向这些参数的数组 (argv) 和选项字符串 (optstring) 后，getopt() 将返回第一个选项，并设置一些全局变量。使用相同的参数再次调用该函数时，它将返回下一个选项，并设置相应的全局变量。如果不再有识别到的选项，将返回 -1，此任务就完成了。</p>
<p>getopt() 所设置的全局变量包括：</p>
<ul>
<li>optarg – 指向当前选项参数（如果有）的指针。</li>
<li>optind – 再次调用 getopt() 时的下一个 argv 指针的索引。</li>
<li>optopt – 最后一个已知选项。</li>
</ul>
<p>对于每个选项，选项字符串 (optstring) 中都包含一个对应的字符。具有参数的选项（如示例中的 -l 和 -o 选项）后面跟有一个 : 字符。示例所使用的 optstring 为 Il:o:vh?（前面提到，还要支持最后两个用于打印程序的使用方法消息的选项）。</p>
<p>可以重复调用 getopt()，直到其返回 -1 为止；任何剩下的命令行参数通常视为文件名或程序相应的其他内容。</p>
<h2 id="1-3-示例"><a href="#1-3-示例" class="headerlink" title="1.3 示例"></a>1.3 示例</h2><figure class="highlight c++"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br><span class="line">31</span><br><span class="line">32</span><br><span class="line">33</span><br><span class="line">34</span><br><span class="line">35</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="meta-keyword">include</span> <span class="meta-string">&lt;unistd.h&gt;</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="meta-keyword">include</span> <span class="meta-string">&lt;string&gt;</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="meta-keyword">include</span> <span class="meta-string">&lt;stdio.h&gt;</span></span></span><br><span class="line"> </span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="title">main</span><span class="params">(<span class="keyword">int</span> argc, <span class="keyword">char</span>* argv[])</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"></span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">  <span class="built_in">std</span>::<span class="built_in">string</span> file_name;</span><br><span class="line">  <span class="keyword">int</span> c = <span class="number">0</span>;</span><br><span class="line">  <span class="keyword">bool</span> s_internal = <span class="literal">false</span>;</span><br><span class="line">  <span class="keyword">bool</span> c_internal = <span class="literal">false</span>;</span><br><span class="line">  <span class="keyword">while</span> ((c = getopt(argc, argv, <span class="string">"scf:h"</span>)) != <span class="number">-1</span>) &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">switch</span> (c) &#123;</span><br><span class="line">      <span class="keyword">case</span> <span class="string">'c'</span>:</span><br><span class="line">        c_internal = <span class="literal">true</span>;</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">break</span>;</span><br><span class="line">      <span class="keyword">case</span> <span class="string">'s'</span>:</span><br><span class="line">        s_internal = <span class="literal">true</span>;</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">break</span>;</span><br><span class="line">      <span class="keyword">case</span> <span class="string">'f'</span>:</span><br><span class="line">        file_name = optarg;</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">break</span>;</span><br><span class="line">      <span class="keyword">case</span> <span class="string">'h'</span>:</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">break</span>;</span><br><span class="line">      <span class="keyword">case</span> <span class="string">':'</span>:   <span class="comment">/* missing option argument */</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="built_in">fprintf</span>(<span class="built_in">stderr</span>, <span class="string">"%s: option `-%c' requires an argument\n"</span>, argv[<span class="number">0</span>], optopt);</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">throw</span> <span class="string">"requires an argument"</span>;</span><br><span class="line">      <span class="keyword">case</span> <span class="string">'?'</span>:</span><br><span class="line">      <span class="keyword">default</span>:    <span class="comment">/* invalid option */</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="built_in">fprintf</span>(<span class="built_in">stderr</span>, <span class="string">"%s: option `-%c' is invalid: ignored\n"</span>, argv[<span class="number">0</span>], optopt);</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">throw</span> <span class="string">"option invalid"</span>;</span><br><span class="line">    &#125;</span><br><span class="line">  &#125;</span><br><span class="line">   </span><br><span class="line">  <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="number">0</span>;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h1 id="2-Windows"><a href="#2-Windows" class="headerlink" title="2 Windows"></a>2 Windows</h1><p>在Windows可以使用的Boost.Program_options库解析命令行参数.</p>
<h2 id="2-1-示例"><a href="#2-1-示例" class="headerlink" title="2.1 示例"></a>2.1 示例</h2><figure class="highlight c++"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br><span class="line">31</span><br><span class="line">32</span><br><span class="line">33</span><br><span class="line">34</span><br><span class="line">35</span><br><span class="line">36</span><br><span class="line">37</span><br><span class="line">38</span><br><span class="line">39</span><br><span class="line">40</span><br><span class="line">41</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="meta-keyword">include</span> <span class="meta-string">&lt;iostream&gt;</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="meta-keyword">include</span> <span class="meta-string">&lt;boost/program_options.hpp&gt;</span></span></span><br><span class="line"> </span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="title">main</span><span class="params">(<span class="keyword">int</span> argc, <span class="keyword">char</span> *argv[])</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"></span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">try</span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">namespace</span> po = boost::program_options;</span><br><span class="line">        po::<span class="function">options_description <span class="title">desc</span><span class="params">(<span class="string">"Allowed options"</span>)</span></span>;</span><br><span class="line">        desc.add_options()</span><br><span class="line">            (<span class="string">"xml_to_xls,x"</span>, po::value&lt;<span class="built_in">std</span>::<span class="built_in">string</span>&gt;(), <span class="string">"from_xml_to_xls"</span>)</span><br><span class="line">            (<span class="string">"xls_to_xml,s"</span>, po::value&lt;<span class="built_in">std</span>::<span class="built_in">string</span>&gt;(), <span class="string">"from_xls_to_xml"</span>)</span><br><span class="line">            (<span class="string">"out,o"</span>, po::value&lt;<span class="built_in">std</span>::<span class="built_in">string</span>&gt;(), <span class="string">"assign output file name"</span>);</span><br><span class="line"> </span><br><span class="line">        po::variables_map vm;</span><br><span class="line">        po::store(parse_command_line(argc, argv, desc), vm);</span><br><span class="line">        po::notify(vm);</span><br><span class="line"> </span><br><span class="line">        <span class="built_in">std</span>::<span class="built_in">string</span> out_file;</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">if</span> (vm.count(<span class="string">"out"</span>)) &#123;</span><br><span class="line">            out_file = vm[<span class="string">"out"</span>].as&lt;<span class="built_in">std</span>::<span class="built_in">string</span>&gt;();</span><br><span class="line">        &#125;</span><br><span class="line"> </span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">if</span> (vm.count(<span class="string">"xml_to_xls"</span>)) &#123;</span><br><span class="line">            from_xml_to_xls(vm[<span class="string">"xml_to_xls"</span>].as&lt;<span class="built_in">std</span>::<span class="built_in">string</span>&gt;(), out_file);</span><br><span class="line">        &#125;</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">else</span> <span class="keyword">if</span> (vm.count(<span class="string">"xls_to_xml"</span>)) &#123;</span><br><span class="line">            from_xls_to_xml(vm[<span class="string">"xls_to_xml"</span>].as&lt;<span class="built_in">std</span>::<span class="built_in">string</span>&gt;(), out_file);</span><br><span class="line">        &#125;</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">else</span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="built_in">std</span>::<span class="built_in">cout</span> &lt;&lt; desc;</span><br><span class="line">        &#125;</span><br><span class="line">    &#125; <span class="keyword">catch</span> (ModalDefToolException&amp; e) &#123;</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="built_in">std</span>::<span class="built_in">cout</span> &lt;&lt; e.what()&lt;&lt;  <span class="string">"\n"</span>;</span><br><span class="line">    &#125; <span class="keyword">catch</span> (<span class="built_in">std</span>::logic_error&amp; e) &#123;</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="built_in">std</span>::<span class="built_in">cout</span> &lt;&lt; e.what()&lt;&lt;  <span class="string">"\n"</span>;</span><br><span class="line">    &#125; <span class="keyword">catch</span> (...) &#123;</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="built_in">std</span>::<span class="built_in">cout</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="string">"Unkown exception\n"</span>;</span><br><span class="line">    &#125;</span><br><span class="line"> </span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="number">0</span>;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h2 id="2-2-组件"><a href="#2-2-组件" class="headerlink" title="2.2 组件"></a>2.2 组件</h2><p>program_options的使用主要通过下面三个组件完成：</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>组件名</th>
<th>作用</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>options_description(选项描述器)</td>
<td>描述当前的程序定义了哪些选项</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>parse_command_line(选项分析器)</td>
<td>解析由命令行输入的参数</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>variables_map(选项存储器)</td>
<td>容器,用于存储解析后的选项</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h2 id="2-3-流程"><a href="#2-3-流程" class="headerlink" title="2.3 流程"></a>2.3 流程</h2><figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">st=&gt;start: Start</span><br><span class="line">ed=&gt;end: End</span><br><span class="line">op1=&gt;operation: 构造option_description对象和variables_map对象</span><br><span class="line">op2=&gt;operation: add_options(): 向option_description对象添加选项</span><br><span class="line">op3=&gt;operation: parse_command_line(): 将命令行输入的参数解析出来</span><br><span class="line">op4=&gt;operation: store(): 将解析出的选项存储至variables_map中</span><br><span class="line">op5=&gt;operation: notify(): 通知variables_map去更新所有的外部变量</span><br><span class="line">op6=&gt;operation: count(): 检测某个选项是否被输入</span><br><span class="line">op7=&gt;operation: operator[]: 取出选项的值</span><br><span class="line">st-&gt;op1-&gt;op2-&gt;op3-&gt;op4-&gt;op5-&gt;op6-&gt;op7-&gt;ed</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h2 id="2-4-下载"><a href="#2-4-下载" class="headerlink" title="2.4 下载"></a>2.4 下载</h2><p>Boost已经提供了编译好的Visual Studio版本, 可以直接<a href="https://dl.bintray.com/boostorg/release/1.65.1/binaries/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">下载</a>使用.</p>

          
        
      
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